• Introduction Microdialysis is an in vivo technique which all

  2024-07-25

  

  Introduction Microdialysis is an in vivo-technique which allows continuous sampling of small molecular weight substances (such as neurotransmitters, metabolites and neuropeptides) from the extracellular space of different tissues or organs, e.g. brain, muscle or skin. While the implantation of the

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Cancer is the leading cau

  2024-07-25

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Cancer is the leading cause of mortality in the United States for those between the ages of 40–79 years, surpassing heart diseases by more than 100,000 deaths [1]. The cause of most cancer subtypes remains idiopathic and may arise out of ‘bad luck’ among otherwise

• Fig summarizes the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid

  2024-07-25

  

  Fig. 1 summarizes the oxidative metabolism of arachidonic XEN445 by lipoxygenases cyclooxygenases and cytochrome P450. Lipoxygenases in humans are expressed in a tissue-specific fashion: 5-LOX is mainly expressed in leukocytes, 12-LOX in platelets, and 15-LOX-1 in reticulocytes, eosinophils, and m

• It remains unclear to what extent UCP

  2024-07-25

  

  It remains unclear to what extent UCP2 and UCP3 are subject to the same acute molecular regulation as UCP1 (and the extent to which they share the same mechanism of uncoupling). Although they lack sequence homology in a matrix-localised region reportedly critical for fatty L-690,330 activation of U

• br Introduction Increasing number of mycosis infections

  2024-07-25

  

  Introduction Increasing number of mycosis infections has been reported during the past several years because of the rise in the number of immuno-compromised individuals in subtropical and tropical countries with high mortality and morbidity [1], [2]. Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubr

• br Methodology br Antibiotics in lakes

  2024-07-25

  

  Methodology Antibiotics in lakes Antibiotic resistance genes in lakes Perspectives of study on NECA and ARGs in lakes Conclusion This paper systematically reviewed the distribution of antibiotics and ARGs in global lakes. A total of 57 antibiotics reported at least once in the water a

• br Acknowledgments The authors thank Claudia Wittrock

  2024-07-25

  

  Acknowledgments The authors thank Claudia Wittrock for her excellent technical assistance. The work was supported by grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB974 TP B05) and of the Anton-Betz-Stiftung to N.K. A.M. is an associate member of the iBrain graduate school at the University of

• Previous studies have demonstrated that synaptic AMPARs

  2024-07-25

  

  Previous studies have demonstrated that synaptic AMPARs can differ greatly in their mobility; some rapidly and constitutively MCB-613 sale in and out of the synaptic membrane, while others remain somewhat stable in the synaptic membrane (Luscher et al., 1999, Luthi et al., 1999). We find that mGluR

• br Conflict of Interest br Transparency Document br Introduc

  2024-07-24

  

  Conflict of Interest Transparency Document Introduction Mitoxantrone (MXT) is an androstenedione chemotherapeutic agent that is used to treat acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, prostate cancer, metastatic breast cancer, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma [13], [14]. It is

• The biology of the A BR is complex and needs

  2024-07-24

  

  The biology of the A2BR is complex and needs to be considered contextually as the expression and effect of receptor engagement varies according to time post hypoxic injury, cell type and downstream signaling pathway. For example, A2BR expression is dynamic - low under basal and increasing under isch

• Extracellular ATP and downstream purinergic signaling have a

  2024-07-24

  

  Extracellular ATP and downstream purinergic signaling have also been proposed to contribute to dental pulp tissue healing and dentin regeneration. Mechanical and thermal stimulation of external dentin can induce ATP release in dental pulp through pannexins [13]. Cold stimulation was also reported to

• The ATX LPA signaling axis has been implicated in

  2024-07-24

  

  The ATX–LPA signaling “axis” [5] has been implicated in a perplexing variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including vascular and neural development [5], [26], [27], [28], [29], tumor progression and metastasis [30], [31], lymphocyte trafficking [22], bone development [32], neur

• br Role of autophagy in alcoholic cardiomyopathy

  2024-07-24

  

  Role of autophagy in alcoholic cardiomyopathy Concluding remarks The genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in alcoholic cardiac injury has been recognized despite the seemingly beneficial effects of low to moderate alcohol consumption [8]. Although oxidative stress is well established in the pa

• In the mammalian brain synapse formation

  2024-07-24

  

  In the mammalian brain, synapse formation is followed by a period of synapse refinement, and autophagy has been shown to play an important role in this process. For example, Tang and colleagues found that autophagy is required for the developmental pruning of dendritic spines, and that this pruning

• Introduction The first use of the term autophagy by

  2024-07-24

  

  Introduction The first use of the term “autophagy” by a French physiologist, M. Anselmier, in a short article describing the effects of fasting in mice published in 1859, took place almost a century before Christian De Duve described it from a mechanistic point of view in a symposium on lysosomes i

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