It is unclear whether the

It is unclear whether the adipose-derived progenitor induced pluripotent stem cells exert a role in the beneficial effect of the AGTP. Recent data suggested that cardiac adipose-derived progenitors have an inherent cardiac-like phenotype and may support heart homeostasis, perhaps as a cell reservoir for renewing myocardial tissue. Indeed, in vivo studies in murine models have clearly shown that cardiac adipose-derived progenitors displayed a beneficial effect in the context of MI. Cell transplantation resulted in improved cardiac function parameters and was associated with a significant increase in infarct-related wall thickness (Bayes-Genis et al., 2010). In pre-clinical studies in the porcine model, cell trafficking from the adipose graft to the infarcted myocardium was also observed (Gálvez-Montón et al., 2011). Finally, adipokines liberated by the graft may exert a positive local effect and should be considered as an alternative mechanism. Many studies have described the myocardium and perivascular adipose tissue as well-known sources of hormones, which might exert important autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects (Ahima and Flier, 2000). Indeed, evidence suggests that adipose-derived hormones can offer cardio-protective effects, including attenuation of cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduction of infarct size, and modulation of collagen I/III ratios (Sweeney, 2010). At present, cell therapy has been the most tested biological approach for cardiac regeneration/recovery in humans. Cell therapy is safe, but with controversial benefits measured in surrogate endpoints such as LVEF. The recent multicenter, prospective, randomized open-label TECAM trial evaluated three different bone marrow-derived stem cell approaches in MI (intracoronary bone-marrow mononuclear cell — BMMC — injection; mobilization with G-CSF; and both BMMC injection plus G-CSF), none of which resulted in improvement of LVEF or volumes compared with standard MI care (San Roman et al., 2015). This is the first-in-man study on myocardial adipose grafting and we should be restrained in interpreting the results, but findings suggest an improvement in necrosis area in AGTP-treated patients during early follow-up. Future studies are needed to determine whether Solution hybridization innovation translates to superior cardiac function with longer follow-up. This study provides evidence that use of an autologous vascular adipose graft may be a safe alternative in patients with a chronic myocardial scar. A Phase IIIII multicenter, prospective, randomized clinical trial is now being set-up to confirm efficacy of the AGTP intervention. The following are the supplementary data related to this article.
Authors\' Contributions
Declaration of Interests
Acknowledgments This work was supported by grants from the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (SAF2014-59892), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Juan de la Cierva, JCI-2012-14025), Fundació La MARATÓ de TV3 (201502-30, 201516-10), Fundació Daniel Bravo Andreu, Casa Tarradellas, Sociedad Española de Cardiología, Societat Catalana de Cardiologia, Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR 2014), and Acadèmia de Ciències Mèdiques i de la Salut de Catalunya i de Balears. This work has also been funded by the Red de Terapia Celular — TerCel (RD12/0019/0029), Red de Investigación Cardiovascular — RIC (RD12/0042/0047) and Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (FIS PI14/01682) projects as part of the Plan Nacional de I+D+I and cofunded by ISCIII-Sudirección General de Evaluación and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER). We specially thank Teresa Sevilla for assistance in MRI image analysis.
Introduction Globalization and climate change may increase the risk of the geographic spread of vector-borne diseases (Hales et al., 2002; Liu-Helmersson et al., 2014; McMichael, 2013; Murray et al., 2013; World Health Organization (WHO), 2015). Changes in temperature variation have profound impacts on mosquito populations, and perhaps as important as changes in mean temperatures, if not more (Lambrechts et al., 2011; Vasseur et al., 2014). Since 1950, diurnal temperature extremes increased across the globe (Vasseur et al., 2014) and magnitudes of annual temperature cycles increased by 0.4°C in temperate regions. This could result in elevated vulnerability within Europe for the introduction and re-establishment of vector-borne diseases such as dengue.