Archives

  • 2018-07
  • 2018-10
  • 2018-11
  • 2019-04
  • 2019-05
  • 2019-06
  • 2019-07
  • 2019-08
  • 2019-09
  • 2019-10
  • 2019-11
  • 2019-12
  • 2020-01
  • 2020-02
  • 2020-03
  • 2020-04
  • 2020-05
  • 2020-06
  • 2020-07
  • 2020-08
  • 2020-09
  • 2020-10
  • 2020-11
  • 2020-12
  • 2021-01
  • 2021-02
  • 2021-03
  • 2021-04
  • 2021-05
  • 2021-06
  • 2021-07
  • 2021-08
  • 2021-09
  • 2021-10
  • 2021-11
  • 2021-12
  • 2022-01
  • 2022-02
  • 2022-03
  • 2022-04
  • 2022-05
  • 2022-06
  • 2022-07
  • 2022-08
  • 2022-09
  • 2022-10
  • 2022-11
  • 2022-12
  • 2023-01
  • 2023-02
  • 2023-03
  • 2023-04
  • 2023-05
  • 2023-06
  • 2023-07
  • 2023-08
  • 2023-09
  • 2023-10
  • 2023-11
  • 2023-12
  • 2024-01
  • 2024-02
  • 2024-03
  • Whether each group represents a single contamination or

    2018-11-09

    Whether each group represents a single contamination or multiple contaminations from a single source is hard to determine, but a single contamination event for each group is the simplest explanation. The temporal pattern of G-I in 2009–1010 and G-II mostly in 2012–13 is also mostly consistent with separate contamination events aligned with these outbreaks. The time point associated with the Norwegian 2000 isolate in G-II is most difficult to explain. The distribution of G-II across >13years is astounding and difficult to reconcile with a single contamination event. It has been argued that heroin supply and inventories would not last for 13years, especially given the apparent 10-year lapse in G-II IA cases. We therefore suggest that there is a single contaminating source for the G-II cases but that there have been two or more (unobserved) contamination events.
    Acknowledgments
    The following are the supplementary data related to this boldenone undecylenate article .
    Introduction The diagnostic utility and prognostic value of leucocyte differential counts were appreciated contemporaneously with the development of microscopy methods to distinguish leucocyte subsets in 1880 (Ehrlich, 1880). A growing body of evidence suggests that the ratio of leucocyte subsets may be of similar, or greater, prognostic import than absolute counts. Although a full blood count is amongst the most frequently performed assays in clinical practice, the monocyte:lymphocyte (ML ratio) is not a widely-used parameter or biomarker in clinical care. Florence Sabin and colleagues reported in the 1920s that the ML ratio was associated with progress and outcomes of mycobacterial infections in rabbits (Cunningham et al., 1925; Sabin et al., 1926; Doan and Sabin, 1930). Rediscovering this experimental work, we recently performed a series of prospective cohort studies of adults, infants and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa (Naranbhai et al., 2014a, 2014b, 2014c). In each study we observed that elevated ML ratio was associated with the risk of subsequent tuberculosis disease. We, and others, made similar observations for malaria (Warimwe et al., 2013a) and extended these to demonstrate that the ML ratio stratifies efficacy of the candidate anti-malaria RTS,S boldenone undecylenate vaccine (Warimwe et al., 2013b). Other investigators have shown that an elevated ratio is associated with poor outcomes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (Lin et al., 2014a; Li et al., 2013), diffuse large B-cell (Li et al., 2012, 2014a, 2014b; Rambaldi et al., 2013; Koh et al., 2014; Markovic et al., 2014; Porrata et al., 2014a, 2014b; Watanabe et al., 2014; Wei et al., 2014; Yan-Li et al., 2014) and Hodgkin\'s (Koh et al., 2012; Porrata et al., 2012, 2013a, 2013b; Romano et al., 2012) lymphomas, multiple myeloma (Shin et al., 2013), clear-cell renal carcinoma (Hutterer et al., 2014), non-small cell lung cancer (Lin et al., 2014b), soft tissue sarcoma (Szkandera et al., 2014) and colon cancer (Stotz et al., 2014). The neutrophil:lymphocyte (NL) ratio, another measure of the myeloid:lymphoid cell proportion, has also been reported to be associated with cardiovascular and cancer outcomes (Guthrie et al., 2013; Templeton et al., 2014; X. Wang et al., 2014). Since the ML and NL ratios are strongly correlated it is unclear whether one is a better predictor than the other. The pathophysiologic basis for association of myeloid:lymphoid cell ratios across diseases remains unclear. Here we studied pathophysiologic mechanisms for the association between the ML ratio and mycobacterial disease susceptibility. We studied anti-mycobacterial and transcriptomic profiles of monocytes from healthy adult donors and found that qualitative differences in monocyte function partially explain the ML ratio association with mycobacterial growth ex vivo. Whole-transcriptome analysis of monocytes suggests that the ML ratio (but not the monocyte count) is a marker of monocyte function and that an elevated ratio is associated with an enrichment of interferon-associated transcripts in monocytes. We show that the transcript signature of elevated ML ratio overlaps with mycobacterial and several other disease transcriptomic signatures such as atopy and inflammatory bowel disease. Taken together our data suggest that the ML ratio may be associated with disease by acting as a marker of monocyte function.