Neighborhood quality likely influences maternal

Neighborhood quality likely influences maternal and child health through a complex combination of structural and psychosocial factors (Macintyre, Ellaway, & Cummins, 2002). Due to prior research that found consistent relationships between unsafe neighborhoods and adverse birth outcomes (Kramer et al., 2010; Masi et al., 2007; Messer et al., 2006; Morenoff, 2003), the measure of neighborhood quality discussed here was neighborhood safety. However other factors, including and not limited to access to resources, ability to exercise, social support, and cohesion, could also be important factors linking neighborhood quality with maternal and offspring health (Culhane & Elo, 2005; Evenson, Moos, Carrier, & Siega-Riz, 2009; Ma, Liu, Hardin, Zhao, & Liese, 2016; Metcalfe et al., 2011; Schempf, Strobino, & O’Campo, 2009). Additional research evaluating the relationship between other aspects of neighborhood quality and maternal health, particularly in larger samples, are needed.
Conclusion
Acknoweldgements The author would like to thank comments provided by three anonymous reviewers and Joel Hattis. In addition, the author would like to acknowledge Elizabeth Howland and Aisling Galling for their assistance in data collection, as well as Chris Kuzawa, Whariki Health Research Group, SAMCL, and Greenlane Clinic for their assistance in this study. This study was supported by National Science Foundation Graduate Research Grant # 7285514 and Wenner Gren Dissertation Grant # 8334.
Background Large inequalities in health and mortality are related to both occupational keap1 nrf2 and occupational trajectories throughout the life course. Withdrawals from the labor force, past unemployment periods, downward trajectories, disrupted careers or work histories of weak ties to employment accompany increased health and mortality risks (Bartley & Plewis, 1997; Blane, Harding, & Rosato, 1999; Cambois, 2004; Karimi, Geoffroy-Perez, Fouquet, Latouche, & Rey, 2015; Lacey, Sacker, Kumari, Worts, McDonough, & Booker, 2015; Lacey, Stafford, Sacker, & McMunn, 2016; McMunn, Bartley, Hardy, & Kuh, 2006; Melchior, Goldberg, Krieger, Kawachi, Menvielle, & Zins, 2005; Pavalko, Elder, & Clipp, 1993; Stone, Evandrou, Falkingham, & Vlachantoni, 2015; Wahrendorf, 2015). These characteristics are much more frequent in women\'s careers, in France and elsewhere, due to persistent sexual division of labor and uneven involvement of men and women in work, family and domestic activities (Anxo, Flood, Mencarini, Pailhé, Solaz, & Tanturri, 2011; Pailhé, Robette, & Solaz, 2013). Gender differences in career characteristics contribute to the well-documented gender wage gap (OECD, 2012); whether they also contribute to the gender health gap in the long run is unknown, although Capsid may constitute an important public health issue (Borrell, Palencia, Muntaner, Urquia, Malmusi, & O’Campo, 2014). The contribution may depend on the unequal distribution of critical career characteristics, but also on gender differences in later health risks associated with these characteristics. To address this issue, we explored whether gender health differences may be related to past career characteristics considering their gender-specific frequency and health-relatedness. We focused on depressive symptoms and physical limitations, two health dimensions known to be much more frequent in women (Crimmins, Kim, & Sole-Auro, 2011; Van de Velde, Bracke, & Levecque, 2010).
Data and methods
Results
Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgement This research was founded by the French Solidarity Fund for Autonomy (CNSA) and the Social Security Scheme for Self-Employed Workers (RSI) in the framework of a call for project of the French institute of public health research (IRESP) [n° AAP-2011-01].
Introduction Unhealthy behaviors are implicated in up to 40% of premature deaths in the U.S. (Mokdad, Marks, Stroup, & Gerberding, 2004) and contribute to persistent disparities in health (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2015). But public health and behavioral research routinely focuses on single behaviors or small subsets of behaviors with shared functional meanings (e.g., both drinking and smoking to alleviate stress). Health lifestyle theories suggest that focusing on single behaviors or small subsets of either risky or low-risk behaviors offer limited insight into the organization of meaningful health behavior patterns that reflect broader social forces (Frohlich, Corin, & Potvin, 2001). From an applied standpoint, interventions that target single behaviors may do little to create enduring changes in broader health behavior patterns or in related health outcomes (Spring, Moller, & Coons, 2011). Indeed, the Institute of Medicine (2001) suggests the need for models and interventions that consider multiple behaviors simultaneously, as a strategy for creating larger and more enduring behavioral changes.