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    • In this paper we focus on the individual structural dimensio

    2018-10-26

    In this paper we focus on the individual structural dimension of social capital and refer to the definitions of Bourdieu (1980) and Coleman (1988), according to whom social capital is an individual resource available through social participation/social networks. Structural social capital has been hypothesized to have a positive effect on psychological health for several reasons. (i) Social influence, regarding the way in which members of social organizations obtain guidance about health-relevant behaviour (physical activity, alcohol consumption or cigarette smoking), which may have a positive influence on mental health (Kawachi & Berkman, 2001); (ii) social integration, according to which purchase Aminoallyl-dUTP in social organizations may have a direct positive effect on psychological states through a sense of purpose, belonging, security and recognition of self-worth and self-esteem (Brunner & Marmot, 1999; Cohen, Underwood, & Gottlieb, 2000); (iii) social location, which enhances the likelihood of accessing various forms of support (access to appropriate health information and/or informal health care which, in turn, protect against psychological distress) (Lin, Ye, & Ensel, 1999; Phongsavan, Chey, Bauman, Brooks, & Silove, 2006); (iv) buffering effect, according to which social interactions in organizations provide moral and affective support which may reduce either the negative emotional reaction to a stressful event or dampen the psychological responses to stress (Kawachi & Berkman, 2001; Harpham, Grant, & Thomas, 2002). A number of empirical papers have sought to gauge the link between individual social capital and psychological health. McCulloch (2001) uses the BHPS (1998/1999) to ascertain whether neighbourhood problems, as a measure of social capital, are correlated to the 12-item GHQ as a measure of morbidity. The results show that people in the lowest categories of social capital are more likely to report a risk of psychiatric morbidity than people in the highest. Lindström (2004) studies the association between social participation and trust and self-reported psychological health in Southern Sweden (year 2000): higher trust and social participation are positively associated with self-reported psychological health. Ahnquist, Wamala, and Lindstrom (2012) also analyse, for Sweden, social and economic determinants of psychological distress, employing the GHQ-12 (year 2009). They find: i) a negative association between trust and psychological distress for men and women; ii) a negative correlation between social participation and psychological distress for men. In examining whether social support, social participation and networks, trust and reciprocity are related to psychological well-being (GHQ-12) for Finns, Nieminen et al. (2010) found an association between trust and reciprocity and psychological wellbeing, and between social participation and networks and psychological wellbeing, albeit much weaker. Finally, Bassett and Moore (2013) investigate the association among the psychological and the network dimensions of social capital and depressive symptoms obtained from the 10-item Depression Scale (CES – D Scale): individuals with high levels of trust were less likely to have depressive symptoms. Elsewhere longitudinal data are used to study the effect of structural and cognitive dimension of social capital on self-rated psychological wellbeing. Giordano and Lindström (2011) investigate the link between interpersonal trust, active social participation, and frequency of talking with neighbours and changes in self-rated psychological health obtained by means of the GHQ-12 with the BHPS (2000/2007). Trust is the only social capital variable B memory cells maintains a positive and highly significant effect on self-rated psychological health. Lindström and Giordano (2016) employ data from BHPS pre- and immediately post- the 2008 crisis to compare the buffering effects of generalised trust and social participation against worse psychological wellbeing (GHQ-12) during and after the 2008 financial crisis. The authors found that individuals with low levels of trust had an increased risk of worse psychological wellbeing in 2008 compared to 2007, while social participation was not associated with psychological health.